Chronic Airway Obstructive Diseases Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease (COAD), also known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), is a progressive lung disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, significantly impacting the quality of life of affected individuals. This article aims to provide a … Read more
Principles of Cancer Cancer is a complex group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. If the spread is not controlled, it can result in death. Cancer can affect almost any part of the body and has many different forms, each with its own unique characteristics and behaviors. Understanding the principles … Read more
Pathophysiology of Gastrointestinal System Diseases The gastrointestinal system plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health by facilitating digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste. However, various diseases can disrupt its normal function, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. This article delves into the pathophysiology of several key gastrointestinal diseases, including peptic ulcer, inflammatory … Read more
Pathophysiology of Endocrine System Diseases The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones, which help control many important body functions. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to tissues and organs, affecting various processes such as growth, metabolism, and mood. Understanding the pathophysiology of endocrine diseases is crucial … Read more
Pathophysiology of Nervous System Diseases The nervous system is a highly intricate network responsible for coordinating and controlling various bodily functions. It comprises the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of nerves extending throughout the body. Understanding the pathophysiology of diseases affecting … Read more
Myocardial infarction (MI) Myocardial infarction (MI) is the irreversible heart injury occurs due to necrosis (cell death) of significant portion of myocardium (generally >1 cm). It is a medical emergency and usually termed as heart attack. If more than 50% of tissues are damaged, heart generally cannot work. If the damage is comparatively less, then … Read more
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) Ischemic heart disease is an acute or chronic cardiac disability caused by imbalance between the myocardial oxygen demand and supply of oxygenated blood. The term coronary artery disease is alternatively used for ischemic heart disease. Cardiac function is largely depended on continuous flow of oxygenated blood through the coronary arteries. The … Read more
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Congestive heart failure is a long-term condition in which heart can not pump blood well enough to provide normal supply to body. Due to reduced cardiac output, body cannot perform its normal metabolic needs. The reduced supply of oxygen and nutrients may lead to inadequate tissue perfusion, vascular, cardiac and pulmonary … Read more
Basic Principles Involved in Wound Healing Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process. Physiology of wound healing involves various phases such as hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and maturation. A wound can occur due to various reasons. In order to understand basic principles involved in wound healing we need to understand layers of the skin first. … Read more