Acidity of phenols, effect of substituents on acidity Phenols are organic compounds featuring one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups directly bonded to an aromatic ring. Unlike alcohols, phenols are more acidic and possess higher boiling points due to stronger hydrogen bonding. They often exist as colorless liquids or white solids. Phenols are versatile substances with … Read more
Substituents of benzene Substituents of Benzene, when we talk about substituents in the context of benzene, we’re referring to atoms or groups of atoms that replace one or more hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring. These substituents can significantly influence the reactivity and properties of the benzene compound. Substituents are atoms or groups of atoms … Read more
Structure of Benzene: Orbital Picture, Huckel’s rule Benzene, a simple yet remarkably versatile hydrocarbon, stands as a cornerstone in the realm of organic chemistry. Its unique ring structure, characterized by alternating double bonds, has bestowed upon its properties that have revolutionized countless industries. From the plastics that shape our world to the medicines that heal, … Read more
Aliphatic amines Aliphatic amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia (NH₃) by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. Unlike their aromatic counterparts, aliphatic amines have an open-chain structure. They’re highly reactive and often form bonds with other molecules. These amines come in primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°) varieties, … Read more
Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain a carboxyl functional group (also known as the carboxylate group). These compounds are widely found in nature and are also synthesized by humans. When a carbonyl carbon (C=O) is also bonded to a hydroxyl group (–OH), we get a carboxylic acid. Here are some key points. … Read more
Carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain a carboxyl functional group (also known as the carboxylate group). These compounds are widely found in nature and are also synthesized by humans. When a carbonyl carbon (C=O) is also bonded to a hydroxyl group (–OH), we get a carboxylic acid. The general formula for a … Read more
Carbonyl Compounds A carbonyl compound is a molecule that consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O). It’s like the dynamic duo of organic chemistry, showing up in various compounds. These compounds play a starring role in the organic world, and their primary members include aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. Carbonyl compounds … Read more
Introduction A carbonyl compound is a molecule containing functional group that consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O). It’s like the dynamic duo of organic chemistry, showing up in various compounds. These compounds play a starring role in the organic world, and their primary members include aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. … Read more
Alcohols Alcohols are a group of organic compounds that contain at least one hydroxyl (−OH) functional group bound to a carbon atom. The general formula for alcohols is R–OH, where R represents an alkyl group (a chain of carbon atoms) or a substituted alkyl group. In simpler terms, alcohols are derived from alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons) … Read more
Introduction Nucleophilic substitution occurs when the nucleophile replaces a functional group in another molecule (the electrophile). It’s like a graceful waltz where partners swap places. The term “nucleophile” literally means “nucleus-loving.” These electron-rich species seek out positively charged or electron-poor partners to bond with. The nucleophile approaches the electrophile, and they exchange a functional group. … Read more