Redox titrations Redox titration is a laboratory method used in analytical chemistry to determine the concentration of an analyte. This method is based on a redox reaction, which involves the transfer of electrons between the titrant and the analyte. One compound undergoes oxidation (loses electrons), while the other undergoes reduction (gains electrons). The concentration of … Read more
Introduction Diazotization is an organic reaction that involves the conversion of a primary aromatic amine into a corresponding diazonium salt. This process was first reported by the German industrial chemist Peter Griess in 1858. The general mechanism of the diazotization reaction involves the use of nitrous acid and another acid to treat aromatic amines, yielding … Read more
Gravimetry Gravimetry is a method used in analytical chemistry to determine the quantity of an analyte based on the mass of a solid. It’s a quantitative method used to determine the amount of a substance present in a sample by measuring its mass. This technique relies on the principles of precipitation and weighing to isolate … Read more
Introduction Prescription is written order from registered medical practioner, or other properly licenced practitioners to a pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for the patient. Prescription writing stands as a cornerstone in the practice of medicine, serving as the crucial link between healthcare providers and patients access to appropriate mediations. In this article … Read more
Complexometric titrations Complexometric titration, also known as chelatometry, is a form of volumetric analysis. It’s particularly useful for determining a mixture of different metal ions in solution. The formation of a colored complex is used to indicate the end point of the titration. The reaction reaches equilibrium rapidly after each portion of titrant is added, … Read more
Precipitation titrations Precipitation titrations are a type of titration that involves the formation of a precipitate during the titration process. In a precipitation titration, a solution of a known concentration (the titrant) is added to a solution of the substance being studied (the analyte). The titrant reacts with the analyte to produce a precipitate, which … Read more
Introduction Non-aqueous titration refers to a type of titration in which the analyte substance is dissolved in a solvent that does not contain water. This procedure is significant in pharmacopoeial assays. The need for non-aqueous titration arises because water can behave as a weak base and a weak acid, and can hence compete in proton … Read more
Acid base titrations Acid-base titration is a quantitative analytical chemistry technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base solution by neutralizing it with a standard solution of known concentration. The process involves the gradual addition of the titrant (the solution of known concentration) to the analyte (the solution of unknown concentration) … Read more
Errors Errors in pharmaceutical analysis refer to the discrepancies between the standard values and the true value. These errors can affect the accuracy and reliability of pharmaceutical analysis, and it’s crucial to identify and minimize them to ensure the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products. In this article we will see sources of errors, types … Read more
Semisolid dosage forms Semisolid dosage forms are medications that are neither solid nor liquid, but somewhere in between. They are typically applied to the skin, nasal mucosa, cornea, rectal or vaginal tissue, buccal tissue, ear, or urethral membrane. Examples include ointments, pastes, creams, emulsions, gels, and rigid foams. They contain one or more active ingredients … Read more