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Carboxylic acids- Properties
Carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain a carboxyl functional group (also known as the carboxylate group). These compounds are widely found in nature and are also synthesized by humans. When a carbonyl carbon (C=O) is also bonded to a hydroxyl group (–OH), we get a carboxylic acid. The general formula for a…
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Carbonyl Compounds- Structure and Uses
Carbonyl Compounds A carbonyl compound is a molecule that consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O). It’s like the dynamic duo of organic chemistry, showing up in various compounds. These compounds play a starring role in the organic world, and their primary members include aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. Carbonyl compounds…
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Carbonyl Compound- Reactions
Introduction A carbonyl compound is a molecule containing functional group that consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O). It’s like the dynamic duo of organic chemistry, showing up in various compounds. These compounds play a starring role in the organic world, and their primary members include aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.…
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Alcohols
Alcohols Alcohols are a group of organic compounds that contain at least one hydroxyl (−OH) functional group bound to a carbon atom. The general formula for alcohols is R–OH, where R represents an alkyl group (a chain of carbon atoms) or a substituted alkyl group. In simpler terms, alcohols are derived from alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons)…
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Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
Introduction Nucleophilic substitution occurs when the nucleophile replaces a functional group in another molecule (the electrophile). It’s like a graceful waltz where partners swap places. The term “nucleophile” literally means “nucleus-loving.” These electron-rich species seek out positively charged or electron-poor partners to bond with. The nucleophile approaches the electrophile, and they exchange a functional group.…
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Stability of Conjugated Dienes
Introduction Conjugated dienes are compounds that contain two adjacent carbon-carbon double bonds. These double bonds are separated by a single carbon atom, which means they’re in a conjugated arrangement. Think of them as the cool kids of the double bond world—they hang out together and share electrons like a tight-knit group. The stabilization of dienes…
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Elimination Reactions- E1 and E2 reactions
Introduction An elimination reactions (E1 and E2 reactions) is a type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one- or two-step mechanism. The one-step mechanism is known as the E2 reaction, and the two-step mechanism is known as the E1 reaction. The numbers refer not to the…
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Alkanes- SP3 and SP2 hybridization
Alkanes Alkanes are the saturated organic compounds which consist of single bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms. That means all atoms share only one pair of electrons with each other. The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n. Where, n is the number of atoms of carbon in their chemical structure. The simplest alkane is the methane,…
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Alkane, Alkene and Conjugated Dienes
Introduction Organic chemistry deals with the number of hydrocarbons. Some of the major carbohydrates are alkane, alkene and conjugated dienes. These are the fundamental compounds composed only carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes are also known as the saturated hydrocarbons and utilized as fuel. Alkenes contain at least carbon-carbon double bond and used in plastic, agriculture and…
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Structural Isomerism in Organic Compounds
Introduction The structural isomerism arises when each atom of a molecule can be arranged in different order. Isomerism is the phenomenon where two or more compounds have same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties. Isomers are the compounds which have different physical and chemical properties but same molecular formula. Isomerism in organic compounds…
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